INTRODUCTION OF STATIONARY AND ROTARY PART

➥ STATIC EQUIPMENT/PART ➥

➯Definitions:- Stationery Equipment/Part in the Oil, Gas and Process Industries are also known as Non-moving or rest or Fixed Equipments. Which types of equipment are not moving one place to another place, But transfer process one form to another form.

➯Types of Static Equipments:- There are various Static equipments used in Oil, Gas and Process Industries:

A. PRESSURE VESSEL:- Pressure Vessel is a closed container that holds fluid under high pressure. It generally has a cylindrical body known as shell and two end closures called as flat/dished heads.

Example:-

•  Horizontal Pressure Vessel.
• Vertical Pressure Vessel.
• Spherical Pressure Vessel.

➤Components of Pressure Vessel:-

I). Nozzle: A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of the pressure vessel. This is used for attaching piping for flow into or out of the vessel and attach instrument connection (level gauges, pressure gauges). To provide access to the vessel interior at man way or to provide for direct attachment of other equipment items (i.e. heat exchangers).

PRESSURE VESSEL NOZZLE 

II). Shell: Pressure Vessel Shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. The shells in the form of different plates are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Shells are either cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape.

➧Pressure Vessel Shell Thickness Calculation-

III). Head: The pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat. The reason is that curved configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flathead. It can also be used inside a vessel and are known as intermediate heads. These intermediate heads are separate sections of the pressure vessels, It permits different design conditions.

Pressure Vessel Head

IV). Support: This Support is used to bear all the load of pressure vessel, earthquake and wind loads. There are various types of supports, which are used depending upon the size and orientation of the pressure vessel. This is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel.

➯Types of Support used in Pressure Vessel-

1. Saddle Support.
2. Skirt Support.
3. Leg Support.
4. Lug Support.

Pressure Vessel Support

B. Reactor:- It is basically the pressure of chemical reactions to take place as per the process requirements. These range from low-pressure temperature to high-pressure temperature application.

➯Types of Reactors:-

1. Batch reactor.
2. CSTR (continuous stirred-tank reactor).
3. Plug Flow Reactor.
4. Semibatch reactor.
5. Catalytic reactor.

REACTOR

C. Storage Tank:- It is the shape of containers that hold liquids, compressed gases, or mediums used for the short- or long-term storage of heat or cold. The term can be used for reservoirs and manufactured containers. Most storage tanks are designed and built to the American Petroleum Institute API-650 specification.

➯Types of storage tanks:- BASICALLY THERE ARE EIGHT TYPES OF TANKS USED TO STORE LIQUIDS:

1. Fixed-roof tanks.
2. External floating roof tanks.
3. Internal floating roof tanks.
4. Domed external floating roof tanks.
5. Horizontal tanks.Pressure tanks.
6. Variable vapor space tanks.
7. LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) tanks.

Storage Tank

D. BulletTank:- Bullets are large. high-pressure storage vessels, generally used for storing LPG/LNG and are sometimes buried/mounded to safeguard against any accident.

Bullet Tank

➤There are different components that can be included in a bullet tank:

• Bulkhead Stanchion: This Channel that protects against accidental truck pull-away.
• Pressure Relief Valves: The most Pressure Relief valve on any tank. It is designed to relieve excess pressure. It keeps the tank from exploding if there is excess pressure buildup.
• Level Gauge: Gives continuous measurements of NGL levels.
• Emergency Shutoff Valve: minimizes liquid loss in the case of emergency
• Flex Hose/Hose Couplings: These are protects piping in case the trucking company pulls away with the hoses connected and moves the bulkhead. This flex hoses will stretch versus breaking the ridged piping.
• High-Pressure Regulator: The regulates pneumatic pressure suitable for all the ESV’s to work properly.
• Pneumatic 3-way valves: For allows you to safely shut in the tank, controlling the pneumatic valves when the truck removes NGLs.
• Tubing Fittings: Tubing Fitting is a very tight seals to prevent gas leakage and must be resistant to chemical corrosion.
• Internal Valves and Internal Pop-off: This is used on the liquid out and vapor return lines. Tubing Fittings valves are pneumatic in a fail closed position.

E. Distillation Column:- Column is a tall vertical pressure vessel having internal like Tray, Packing, Distributors and Demisters etc, for separation and other applications.

Distillation Column

Components of Column:-

• Tray: Where trays of various designs are used to hold up the liquid to provide better contact between vapor and liquid, hence better separation.
• Packing: Where instead of trays, 'packings' are used to enhance contact between vapor and liquid.

Tray and Packing

• Vertical Shell: A vertical shell where the separation of liquid (oil, water etc.) components is carried out.
• Liquid Distributor: The liquid distributor is a key element of the packed column and packing efficiency depends on good liquid distribution provided by the distributor. Liquid Distributors are installed above the packing beds in the columns and generally positioned at a distance between 50 and 250 mm above the packing bed.

Liquid Distributor

➯Types of Column:-

1. Azeotropic Distillation Column.
2. Extractive Distillation Column.
3. Batch Distillation Column.
4. Continuous Distillation Column.
5. Laboratory Distillation Column.
6. Reactive Distillation Column.
7. Vacuum Distillation Column.

Distillation Column

F. Heat Exchanger:- A heat exchanger is a static system that is used to transfer heat between two or more fluids. They are widely used in both cooling and heating processes (Refrigeration, Air-conditioning, Power Plant, and Chemical Plant, etc. ). A fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact.

HEAT EXCHANGER

➯Types of Heat Exchangers:-

I. Shell and Tube Het Exchanger: This type of heat exchanger mostly used in oil refineries and other large chemical processes, and power industries, and is suited for higher-pressure applications. This type of heat exchanger made of a shell (a large pressure vessel) with a bundle of tubes inside it. One process (fluid) runs through the tubes, and the Second process (fluid) flows over the tubes (through the shell) to transfer heat between the two fluids.

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

II. Plate Heat Exchanger: There are uses of metal plates to transfer heat between two fluid processes. It has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluid process to a much larger surface area because the fluids are spread out over the plates.

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➥ ROTARY EQUIPMENT/PART ➥

➯DEFINITION:- This is a term of Mechanical generally used in the oil, gas, and process, and power industries to describe mechanical components that use kinetic energy to move fluids, gases, and other process materials.

➯TYPES OF ROTARY EQUIPMENT:- There are many types of Rotary Equipment:

A. Pump: A pump is a device used to move fluids (liquid or gas) or some time slurries by mechanical action. 

➧Types of Pump:- Basically there are two type of Pumps:

•  Centrifugal Pump: A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process plant. Its purpose is to convert the energy of prime mover (an electric motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped, there are different types (i.e. Single-stage and Multi-stage).
• The Single-Stage Pump has one impeller and a Multi-Stage Pump has two or more impeller in series. The discharge of one impeller is the suction of the next to be and the head developed in all the stages are totaled.

 

Centrifugal Pump

• Positive Displacement Pump: A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by shut in a fixed amount and displacing that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction (inlet) side and a decreasing cavity on the discharge (outlet) side.

 

B. Compressor: A compressor is a machine that decreases the volume of air or other gas and increase pressure. There are many kinds of compressor;

• Positive Displacement Compressor.

• Centrifugal and Axial Compressor.

• Liquid Ring Compressor.

• Dynamic Compressor.

• Rotary Vane Compressor.

• Rotary Lobe Compressor.

• Rotary Screw Compressor.

Centrifugal Compressor

C. Boiler: A boiler is a closed vessel system, in which fluid is heated and produces steam (Converting the liquid to VApour).

OR 

⇵. Steam Boiler: It is used to generate steam by application of heat;

• Low-Pressure Boiler: is a boiler in which steam is generated at pressures not exceeding 15 psi.
• High Pressure or Power Boiler: is a boiler in which steam or other vapor is generated at pressure exceeding 15 psi.

WATER BOILER

D. Turbine: A turbine is a rotary mechanical part that abstraction energy from a fluid flow (mainly water)and converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for producing electrical power when combined with a generator.

GAS TURBINE

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